Figure: Male Warrior

Unknown

1455–1640 · Brass, clay, teeth, glass beads (?) · Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas

The term "Lower Niger Bronze Industry" has been used by art historians to classify ancient copper-alloy sculpture discovered in the area of the Niger Valley that could not be traced directly to the famous metalworking centers of Benin and Ife. Since this label actually refers to a multitude of provincial casting sites, each with varying styles and techniques, one scholar has suggested that "Lower Niger Bronze Industries" would be a more apt description. Less is known of Lower Niger Bronze Industry works than those of Benin and Ife, but their existence suggests that copper-alloy casting was once widespread in what is now southern Nigeria. Lower Niger Bronze Industry works show stylistic affinities with works from Benin and Ife. This resolute warrior's distinctive forehead markings, leopard's tooth collar, bell pendant, and wrapper (worn around the lower body and swept up to the left) are those of a warrior from the Kingdom of Benin. The style in which he is rendered--with blutntly formed feet and heavily lidded eyes--however, distinguishes this work from representation produced at the Benin court. An intertwined loop, referred to asn an Aro knot and identified among burial goods in the ninth-century site of Igbo-Ukwu, adorns the warrior's armband and the handle of his sheathed knife. The Aro knot motif is pervasive, appearing on a variety of objects ranging from bells to staff finials. His leopard's tooth collar with a bell that guards his neck, intended to intimidate enemies and protect the wearer, would have been filled with medicines and worn in combat. His serene and steady eyes, slightly bulbous, seem to advise restraint. Although it is not known how this object was originally displayed, the round holes in the center and heel of its feet could indicate that it was once attached to a larger structure. One scholar has suggested that it may even have stood upon the ridgepole of a house, where its vigilant demeanor would have made it an excellent guardian.

Artist

Unknown

Date

1455–1640

Medium

Brass, clay, teeth, glass beads (?)

Culture

Lower Niger Bronze Industry

Department

Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas

Credit line

Purchase, Edith Perry Chapman Fund, Rogers, Pfeiffer, Fletcher, and Dodge Funds; Gift of Humanities Fund Inc., by exchange; Mrs. Donald M. Oenslager Gift, in memory of her husband; Geert C. E. Prins Gift, and funds from various donors, 1977